
A commercial letter of credit is a contractual agreement between the buyer’s and seller’s banks on behalf of their customers to transfer a previously agreed amount in payment to the seller or supplier of goods and services instead of the seller. The commercial letter of credit has been a tool to facilitate and guarantee trade across different nations for centuries. The modern-day commercial letters of credit used in international transitions are governed by the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits.
An export letter of credit is a letter of credit used in international trade. It is a document from a buyer instructing their bank to guarantee payment to the seller on the condition that the seller or exporter produces documented evidence of the shipment of the buyer’s goods, as per the conditions stipulated in the letter of credit.
Exporters face tremendous risks in international trade when it comes to shipping goods. They would ideally like to secure their payment in advance before shipping their goods – and yet, the competitive nature of the international trade economy forces exporters to agree to terms that favour the buyer, such as payment after delivery of the goods. The use of an export letter of credit has become a standard method for sellers to avoid the potential risk of running losses due to the buyer defaulting on their payment, as the letter of credit issued by the buyer’s bank ensures that the seller would be compensated for his goods and service. Once the seller provides evidence that the goods have been shipped, such as a bill of lading from the carrier that lists the items purchased, the bank that issued the letter of credit immediately initiates the payment to the seller. The buyer must then reimburse the bank’s expenses to receive the documents needed to take delivery of the goods at their point of arrival.
The most common letter of credit example is the one granted by some of the world’s largest banks, such as HSBC and Bank of America, to sellers, exporters, and traders in regions of the world where it is challenging to procure credit due to socioeconomic and geopolitical reasons. As these banks already have a pre-existing relationship with their customers (the buyers in these transactions), they can make a sound judgment as to the buyer’s creditworthiness.