The fowl industry in India has witnessed tremendous growth in last few decades. India is now the 3rd largest egg producer and 5th largest broiler meat producer in the world. The per capita consumption of eggs has risen from just 23 eggs in 1990 to 62 eggs in 2019. Similarly, broiler meat consumption has increased from 1 kg per person to 4 kg per person in last 20 years. The growth has been fuelled by multiple factors like rising disposable incomes, urbanization, health awareness and aggressive marketing by fowl players.
Role of contract farming and Integrators
Indian Poultry industry is primarily organized through a contract farming model where integrators provide inputs like chicks, feed and veterinary services to farmers while procuring the produce at a pre-determined rate. Major players like Venky's, Godrej Agrovet, CP Group etc. have established strong backward integration through hatcheries and feed mills while maintaining a large outgrower base. This model has led to standardization of operations and assured market access for small farmers. It has played a pivotal role in the overall development of the sector.
Government Support through policies and schemes
Successive governments have recognized the growth potential of fowl and implemented several schemes to boost production and investment in the sector. Introduction of National Fowl Development Board and National Poultry Mission are notable initiatives. State governments also provide subsidies on inputs and set up infrastructure development schemes. Focus on rural development and employment generation along with food security has kept fowl high on the policy agenda.
Opportunities in Processed Products and Export
With overall production rising, there is large untapped potential in processed value added products like frozen ready-to-cook items, cut parts and deboned meat. Major players are setting up dedicated processing plants to cater to urban consumers looking for convenient dining solutions. Export markets offer huge scope given India's competitive advantage of low cost production. China Plus One policy can boost shipments to non-Chinese markets in future. Strict implementation of quality and safety standards will open more global opportunities.
Challenges on the Environmental and Disease Front
Rapid intensification especially in broiler sector in some states poses risks to environmental sustainability due to issues like excessive ground water use, disposal of litter and manure etc. Recurrence of avian diseases like bird flu and Ranikhet also affects profitability and expansion plans periodically. Players will have to focus on biosecurity protocols and integrate sustainable practices to balance growth and environment protection responsibilities. Adoption of preventive vaccines and improved surveillance systems is the need of the hour.
To summarize, Indian Poultry industry has come a long way and is poised for further growth driven by domestic consumption as well as export potential. However, managing environmental fallouts and animal health challenges in evolving scenario will determine its sustainability and scope for the future. Continuous policy support coupled with private sector initiatives can help realize its full potential.
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