Pipeline operators have developed comprehensive integrity management programs to regularly monitor and assess the condition of their pipeline systems. These programs utilize various inspection technologies, such as in-line inspections, to detect and evaluate anomalies that could potentially impact the integrity of the pipeline. Any issues discovered through the inspections are then prioritized and remediated to prevent integrity-related incidents.
In-Line Inspections
One of the most effective inspection methods used is in-line inspections, where pipeline inspection tools known as "smart pigs" are inserted into and propelled through the pipeline via product flow or mechanical pulling. Smart pigs are equipped with magnetic flux leakage or ultrasonic technology to detect corrosion, dents, scratches or other anomalies on the internal surface and bottom of the pipe. The inspection tools precisely map the pipe wall measurements and locations of any anomalies found for further analysis. This allows pipeline operators to continuously monitor Pipeline Integrity without excavation or interrupting service.
Hydro tests
Hydrotesting, also known as pressure testing, involves filling a section of the pipeline with water or inert gas and pressurizing it to a specified test pressure greater than normal operating pressure. The pipeline is then monitored for any loss of pressure over a period of time, which could indicate the presence of leaks. While hydrotesting requires service interruption and significant resources, it remains an effective examination method to validate maximum operating pressure and identify pipe segments that may have experienced a loss in mechanical strength over time.
Coating surveys
On top of direct metal loss inspection techniques, coating surveys are conducted to evaluate pipeline coatings and external corrosion protection. Smart pigs equipped with magnetic pulse tools are employed to check coating effectiveness by measuring coating thickness, defects and disbonds from the pipe surface. Infrared tools are also used for coating surveys as certain coating materials, when degraded, will appear differently under infrared wavelengths compared to effective coating. Timely repairs to coating imperfections help preclude external corrosion from developing further.
Cased Crossing Inspections
Pipelines often traverse underneath roadways, railways and waterways using casing pipes for additional protection. However, the annular space between the pipeline and casing is challenging to inspect and could be susceptible to corrosion if water or soil ingress occurs. To monitor casing integrity, inline inspection tools have been developed to navigate cased crossing geometries and detect corrosion, damage or other issues in these enclosures. Special launching and receiving pigs are utilized to maneuver smart pigs in and out of casings to enable thorough evaluations.
Aerial Surveillance
Aerial surveillance using helicopters or drones supplements other integrity examination activities. Infrared and optical cameras from the air can identify thermal anomalies, disrupted soil above the pipeline right-of-way, unintended excavations or encroachments in remote and rugged terrains. Any issues requiring further investigation are referred to ground patrols for a more detailed assessment. Aerial surveillance enables pipeline operators to inspect otherwise inaccessible segments from a bird's-eye view.
Pipeline Repairs and Replacements
When pipe defects, damages or corroded sections are detected and evaluated to pose an unacceptable safety or reliability risk, repair or replacement work is scheduled. Sleeving, clamps and short segment replacement are common repair methods for pipeline integrity issues. Pipelines nearing the end of their useful service lives are usually replaced proactively with modern high-strength steel or composite materials that have higher corrosion resistance and longer design lives. New pipeline installations employ the latest construction, welding and coating techniques for maximum protection against corrosion and other threats to integrity over many decades of service.
Cathodic Protection Testing
Cathodic protection systems use either sacrificial anodes or impressed current to provide corrosion protection to buried pipelines. Regular testing confirms these systems are functioning as intended. Close interval surveys precisely measure pipe-to-soil potentials along the pipeline to identify locations where corrosion protection may need adjustment. Rectifier and anode ground-bed performances are also checked periodically through testing. Maintaining effective cathodic protection is critical in mitigating external corrosion that could jeopardize the structural integrity of buried pipelines over the long run.
Depth of Cover Surveys
Periodic depth of cover surveys help assure pipelines have sufficient burial depth below ground as specified in design criteria. Insufficient cover depth leaves pipelines more vulnerable to external forces like third-party excavation activities, flooding scour and other natural hazards. Survey methods including ground penetrating radar and electronic depth finders quickly measure pipe depth without excavation. Segment recoating and reburial is scheduled where cover is found to be inadequate to provide the design protection standards.
Given the vital importance of pipelines for energy and economic security, pipeline operators are fully committed to integrity management best practices. A holistic program incorporating various examination technologies, repairs, replacements and protection strategies ensures public safety and service reliability now and well into the future. This multifaceted approach to pipeline integrity oversight will guarantee our pipeline infrastructure can meet energy transportation needs safely and sustainably for generations to come.
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Resources
What are the Key Developments in the Pipeline Integrity Market?
What is Leveraging Technology in the Pipeline Integrity Domain?
An Extensive Overview of Pipeline Integrity Management Programs (IMPs)
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